Selected Courses on Digital Art-UOWM

10 Απριλίου 2013

κωστής τριανταφύλλου

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 18:51
http://www.costis.gr/index.html

auditory synesteisia

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 17:03


Current Biology Vol 18 No 15R650 All our o the synesthete subjects(S1–S4, ages 23–33, 1 woman) hadnormal visual acuity and no knownhearing or neurological decits. Theirvisually-induced sound perceptionsoccur automatically, cannot be turnedo, and have been experienced oras long as they can remember goingback into childhood. The percepts aretypically simple, non-linguistic sounds(such as beeping, tapping or whirring)that are temporally associated withvisual fashes or continuous visualmotion. Eye movements over astationary scene (retinal motion) donot typically evoke sound. In dailyexperience, all our subjects aregenerally able to distinguish theirsynesthetic sound percepts rompercepts induced by real auditorystimuli, but occasional conusionexists. We reer to this phenomenonas ‘hearing-motion’ synesthesia, eventhough non-moving visual fashesalso trigger sound perception asdemonstrated next.Our goal was to devise a task orwhich hearing-motion synesthesiawould coner a perormance advantage, as this would bestrong objective evidence or theperceptual experience[4]. Typically(in non-synesthetes), people have anadvantage in judging rhythmic patternso sound compared to equivalentvisual rhythmic patterns[7,8]. We thuspredicted that synesthetes wouldperorm better than controls in a taskinvolving visual rhythmic sequencesbecause synesthetes would not onlysee, but also hear the patterns.



The sound ochange: visually-induced auditorysynesthesiaMelissa Saenz and Christo KochSynesthesia is a benign neurologicalcondition in humans characterizedby involuntary cross-activation othe senses, and estimated to aectat least 1% o the population[1].Multiple orms o synesthesia exist,including distinct visual, tactile orgustatory perceptions which areautomatically triggered by a stimuluswith dierent sensory properties[1–6],such as seeing colors when hearingmusic. Surprisingly, there has beenno previous report o synestheticsound perception. Here we report thatauditory synesthesia does indeed existwith evidence rom our healthy adultsor whom seeing visual fashes orvisual motion automatically causes theperception o sound. As an objectivetest, we show that ‘hearing-motionsynesthetes’ outperormed normalcontrol subjects on an otherwisedicult visual task involving rhythmictemporal patterns similar to Morsecode. Synesthetes had an advantagebecause they not could not only see,but also hear the rhythmic visualpatterns. Hearing-motion synesthesiacould be a useul tool or studying howthe auditory and visual processingsystems interact in the brain.ASample ‘same’trial:interval 1:interval 2:Sample ‘different’trial:Sample rhythmic sequence composed of flashes or beeps:20050100Time (ms)interval 1:interval 2:p< 0.0001N.S.Controls(n=10)Synesthetes(n=4)B1009080706050   %   c  o  r  r  e  c   tSoundVisionCurrent BiologyFigure 1. Visually-induced auditory synesthesia.(A) Sequences were composed o intermixed long (200 ms) and short (50 ms) duration stimuliseparated by blank intervals (100 ms) similar to Morse code (bars depict stimulus on-times). Thestimuli were either tonal beeps (360 Hz) on sound trials or centrally fashed discs (1.5 deg radius)on visual trials. On each trial, subjects judged whether two successive sequences (either bothsound or both visual) were the ‘same’ or ‘dierent’. (B) Mean perormance (% correct trials) orcontrol and synesthete subjects (+/− SEM). All subjects had good accuracy on sound trials, butsynesthetes dramatically outperormed controls on the otherwise dicult visual trials. Movies osample trials located online at http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~saenz/hearing-motion.html.thereore emerges whereby one othe key unctions o the intact basalganglia is to link positive outcomesto subsequent behaviour, whetherpredominantly cognitive or motorin its demands, and to modiy thisrelationship accordingto motivational state.Supplemental dataSupplemental data are available athttp:// www.current-biology.com/cgi/content/ ull/18/15/R648/DC1 AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the MedicalResearch Council, Welcome Trust, FWO- Vlaanderen and Strategisch Basisonderzoek.Reerences1. Niv, Y. (2007). Cost, benet, tonic, phasic: whatdo response rates tell us about dopamine andmotivation? Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1104, 357–376.2. Satoh, T., Nakai, S., Sato, T., and Kimura, M.(2003). Correlated coding o motivation andoutcome o decision by dopamine neurons.J. Neurosci. 23, 9913–9923.3. Brown, P., Chen, C.C., Wang, S., Kühn, A.A.,Doyle, L., Yarrow, K., Nuttin, B., Stein, J.,and Aziz, T. (2006). Involvement o humanbasal ganglia in o-line eed-back control ovoluntary movement. Curr. Biol.16, 2129–2134.4. Hamani, C., Saint-Cyr, J.A., Fraser, J., Kaplitt,M., and Lozano, A.M. (2004). The subthalamicnucleus in the context o movement disorders.Brain127 , 4–20.5. Frank, M.J., Seeberger, L., and O’Reilly, R. C.(2004). By carrot or by stick: Cognitivereinorcement learning in Parkinsonism.Science 306, 1940–1943.6. Shohamy, D., Myers, C.E., Onlaor, S. Grossman,S., Sage, J., Gluck, M.A., and Poldrack,R.A. (2004). Cortico-striatal contributions toeedback-based learning: Converging datarom neuroimaging and neuropsychology.Brain127 , 851–859.7. Kemp, F., Brücke, C., Kühn, A.A., Schneider,G.H., Kupsch, A., Chen, C.C., Androulidakis, A.G., Wang, S., Vandenberghe, W., Nuttin, B.,et al.(2007). Modulation by dopamine o humanbasal ganglia involvement in eedback controlo movement. Curr. Biol.17 , R587–R589.8. O’Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J.,Deichmann, R., Friston, K., and Dolan, R.J.(2004). Dissociable roles o ventral and dorsalstriatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304, 452–454.9. Wrase, J., Kahnt, T., Schlagenhau, F., Beck, A.,Cohen, M.X., Knutson, B., and Heinz, A. (2007).Dierent neural systems adjust motor behaviorin response to reward and punishment.Neuroimage 36, 1253–1262.10. Tricomi, E.M., Delgado, M.R., and Fiez, J.A.(2004). Modulation o caudate activity by actioncontingency. Neuron41, 281–292.1Department o Neurology and2Departmento Neurosurgery, Charité-University MedicineBerlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany.3SobellDepartment o Motor Neuroscience andMovement Disorders, Institute o Neurology,London, UK.4Department o Neurosurgery,Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London,UK.5Department o Physiology, Anatomy andGenetics and6Department o NeurologicalSurgery, Radclie Inrmary, Oxord, UK.7Department o Neurology and8Neurosurgery,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.E-mail:p.brown@ion.ucl.ac.uk

sound 33-sight-motion

Sight Sound Motion
Chapter 6 – The 2D Field: Area
Screen Space: fixed borders that defines the new aesthetic characteristics
• Aspect ratio: relationship of screen width to screen height
• Horizontal orientation
• Standard ratios
• Standard TV / computer screens adopted 4×3 ratio of early motion
pictures (1.33:1 ratio)
• Digital / HDTV – 16×9 (5.33×3 or 178:1)
• Standard wide screen of motion pictures (5.33×3 or 1.85:1)
• Panavision / Cinemascope has extremely wide aspect ratio – 7×3
(2.35:1)
• Wide-screen – format of most U.S. films
• Framing
• 4×3 frame (film standard was established as early as 1889)
• advantage is that the difference between screen width & height
does not emphasize one dimension over another
• works well with close-ups
• 16×9 frame
• have to pay more attention to the peripheral pictorial
elements/events
• Changing the Aspect Ratio
• Matching aspect ratio
• Letterboxing: wide screen letterbox is created by showing the whole
width & height of the original format, and masking the top and
bottom of the screen with black, white, or colored bands called
dead zones
• Pillarboxing: fitting a standard 4×3 image onto a 16×9 screen
(vertical pillar bars)
• Cutting, stretching, squeezing
• Secondary Frames
• Masking – blacking out both sides of the screen (ex. D.W. Griffith –
Intolerance)
• Multiple screens
• Moving camera
• Object size > context
• Knowledge of object
• Relation to screen area
• Environment & scale
• Reference to a person
• Image size
• Size constancy – we perceive people and their environments as
normal sized regardless of screen size
• Image size & relative energy

• Requires constant psychological closure
• Facilitating Closure – low definition image is helpful only if it facilitates,
rather than inhibits, closure
• Proximity – when similar elements lie in close proximity to one
another we tend to see them together
• Similarity – similar shapes are seen together
• Continuity – once a dominant line is established its direction is not
easily disturbed by other lines cutting across it
Vectors – directional forces that lend our eyes from one point to another (force
with direction & magnitude)
• Vector Field – combination of vectors operating within a single picture field;
picture field to picture field; picture sequence to picture sequence; screen to
screen; on screen to off screen events
• Vector Types
• Graphic Vector – stationary element that guides our eyes in a certain
direction
• Ambiguous direction
• Index Vector – points in a specific direction
• Vector Magnitude – determined by screen direction, graphic mass, perceived
object speed
• Z-axis vector: points toward or away from the camera
• The larger the graphic mass in motion, the higher its vector magnitude
• The faster the speed of an object the higher its vector magnitude
• Vector Directions
• Continuing Vectors – point in the same direction
• Converging Vectors – point toward each other
• Diverging Vectors – point away from each other
Chapter 8 – Structuring the 2D Field: Interplay of Screen Forces
Stabilizing the Field Through Distribution of Graphic Mass & Magnetic Force
• Graphic Weight
• Dimension
• Shape
• Orientation
• Location
• Color
• Hue
• Saturation
• Brightness
• Screen Center – most stable position of an object
• Off Center – the more the object moves off center the greater its

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 16:48

Χάρβαρντ, Μασαχουσέτη
Μια πειραματική διάταξη που σχεδίασαν νευροεπιστήμονες του Χάρβαρντ επέτρεψε σε έναν εθελοντή να κουνάει από μακριά την ουρά ενός αρουραίου χρησιμοποιώντας μόνο τη δύναμη της σκέψης. Είναι η πρώτη μη επεμβατική σύνδεση ανάμεσα στους εγκεφάλους δύο διαφορετικών ειδών, λένε οι ερευνητές.

Το τελευταίο πείραμα, του οποίου τα αποτελέσματα δημοσιεύονται στην ηλεκτρονική επιθεώρηση PLoS ONE, έρχεται λιγότερο από δύο μήνες μετά την ανακοίνωση διαφορετικής ερευνητικής ομάδας ότι συνέδεσε με καλώδια τους εγκεφάλους δύο αρουραίων, επιτρέποντας στον ένα να αντιλαμβάνεται τα ερεθίσματα που δεχόταν ο άλλος.

Στο πείραμα αυτό είχαν χρησιμοποιηθεί ηλεκτρόδια εμφυτευμένα στους εγκεφάλους των δύο πειραματόζωων. Αυτή τη φορά, όμως, οι ερευνητές βασίστηκαν σε μη επεμβατικές μεθόδους: ο εθελοντής φορούσε ένα καπέλο με τα ηλεκτρόδια ενός εγκεφαλογράφου, ενώ ο αρουραίος βρισκόταν κάτω από ένα μηχάνημα που επηρεάζει την εγκεφαλική λειτουργία με παλμούς εστιασμένων υπερήχων.

Ο εθελοντής κοιτούσε μια οθόνη στην οποία ένα σχέδιο αναβόσβηνε με συγκεκριμένη συχνότητα. Όταν κοιτούσε την οθόνη προσεκτικά για λίγη ώρα, τα κύματα της εγκεφαλικής δραστηριότητας συγχρονίζονταν με το στροβοσκοπικό φως.

Ο υπολογιστής που ανάλυε τα σήματα από τον εγκεφαλογράφο αναγνώριζε αυτό το συγχρονισμό, οπότε έδινε εντολή στη συσκευή υπερήχων να ενεργοποιήσει μια συγκεκριμένη περιοχή του εγκεφάλου του αρουραίου, ο οποίος είχε αναισθητοποιηθεί ώστε να μένει ακίνητος την ώρα του πειράματος.

Πράγματι, ο εθελοντής μπορούσε στο 94% των περιπτώσεων να προκαλέσει μια μικρή κίνηση της ουράς του ζώου απλά κοιτάζοντας προσεκτικά στην οθόνη που αναβόσβηνε.

Η ερευνητική ομάδα, με επικεφαλής τον Σέουνγκ-Σικ Γιου της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Χάρβαρντ, παραδέχονται ότι το σύστημα λειτουργεί προς το παρόν μόνο ως διακόπτης «on/off». Εκτιμά όμως ότι η τεχνολογία θα βελτιωθεί στο μέλλον με τη χρήση είτε πιο σύνθετων ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφημάτων, είτε λειτουργικής μαγνητικής τομογραφίας.

Οι ερευνητές αναγνωρίζουν επίσης ότι η τεχνολογία διεπαφής μεταξύ εγκεφάλων μπορεί να βρεθεί σε γκρίζες περιοχές της βιοηθικής: «Είναι λογικό να υποθέσει κανείς ότι οι περαιτέρω βελτιώσεις στις διεπαφές εγκεφάλου-εγκεφάλου ανάμεσα σε ανθρώπους, καθώς και μεταξύ διαφορετικών ειδών, ενδέχεται να πυροδοτήσουν φλέγοντα ηθικά ερωτήματα που δεν καλύπτονται από τις σημερινές ηθικές έννοιες» γράφουν.

Ωστόσο, πριν αποκτήσουν οι κυβερνήσεις τη δυνατότητα να ελέγχουν τους εγκεφάλους των πολιτών, οι τεχνολογίες διεπαφής αναμένεται να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε τεχνητά άκρα τα οποία θα μπορούν να ελέγχουν οι ασθενείς με τη δύναμη της σκέψης.

video -vd insta-(re)-lations-inter-active vi-intrctive envrments

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 16:27

PS1
start creating history timelines
we nedd one main media history media

installation artists- video installations- experimental video

-ps1/ 99

από κάποιο site
« Pipilotti Rist »
Το αληθινό όνομα της καλλιτέχνιδας είναι Elisabeth Charlotte Rist. Γεννήθηκε το 1962 στην Ελβετία. Στην παιδική της ηλικία την φώναζαν με το ψευδώνυμο Pipilotti, παρμένο από το βιβλίο «Πίπη Φακιδομύτη» . Μέχρι το 1986 η Rist σπούδαζε εφαρμοσμένες τέχνες στην Βιέννη, και λίγο αργότερα σπούδασε Video art στο τμήμα εφαρμοσμένων τεχνών της Ελβετίας. Το 1997 με δουλειά της στην Biennale της Βενετίας, της απονεμήθηκε το πρώτο βραβείο. Από το 1988 και μετά, για έξι ολόκληρα χρόνια ήταν μέλος στους Les Reines Prochaines, μίας μπάντας-περφόρμανς. Το 2002 το πανεπιστήμιο της Καλιφόρνια στο Los Angeles κάλεσε την Pipilotti Rist να διδάξει. Ίσως γνωστή για τον φεμινισμό της κάποτε… τώρα όμως ζει με τον σύντροφό της Balz Roth και τον γιό τους Himalaya στο Los Angeles. Πολλοί νέοι καλλιτέχνες έχουν επηρεαστεί από την δουλειά της, και τα έργα της βρίσκονται σε πολλές σημαντικές συλλογές σε όλο τον κόσμο. 
Διάλεξα αυτήν την καλλιτέχνιδα επειδή από την αρχή μου τράβηξαν την περιέργεια τα μηνύματα που δίνουν τα ολιγόλεπτα βιντεάκια της. Όταν τα βλέπεις σου προκαλούν ένα χαρούμενο συναίσθημα λόγο των φωτεινών χρωμάτων, των ωραίων ήχων και του παιχνιδιού της ταχύτητας. Η Pipilotti Rist πειραματίζεται με όλα τα πρωτοπόρα για την εποχή της εφέ, και σχεδόν πάντα προσθέτει πάνω στην κύρια εικόνα μια άλλη εικόνα, ορατή καθαρά ή μη. Τα θέματα τα οποία θίγει είναι κοινωνικοπολιτικά με σεξουαλικά ή κωμικά στοιχεία. Κατά την προσωπική μου άποψη τα παλιά της βίντεο είναι καλύτερα από τα πρόσφατα, γιατί τα τελευταία της μου θυμίζουν βίντεοκλίπ.

chaos-maria-xaosx7-kinitikes ekfoniseis

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 12:51

Deterministic chaos and fractal complexity in the dynamics of cardiovascular behavior: perspectives on a new frontier.

Source

Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada. vijaysha@interchange.ubc.ca

Abstract

Physiological systems such as the cardiovascular system are capable of five kinds of behavior: equilibrium, periodicity, quasi-periodicity, deterministic chaos and random behavior. Systems adopt one or more these behaviors depending on the function they have evolved to perform. The emerging mathematical concepts of fractal mathematics and chaos theory are extending our ability to study physiological behavior. Fractal geometry is observed in the physical structure of pathways, networks and macroscopic structures such the vasculature and the His-Purkinje network of the heart. Fractal structure is also observed in processes in time, such as heart rate variability. Chaos theory describes the underlying dynamics of the system, and chaotic behavior is also observed at many levels, from effector molecules in the cell to heart function and blood pressure. This review discusses the role of fractal structure and chaos in the cardiovascular system at the level of the heart and blood vessels, and at the cellular level. Key functional consequences of these phenomena are highlighted, and a perspective provided on the possible evolutionary origins of chaotic behavior and fractal structure. The discussion is non-mathematical with an emphasis on the key underlying concepts.

EVERYDAY LIFE Η Λίστα Σαμπουάν Και Καλλυντικών Με Ουσία Που Μπλοκάρει Τα Νευρικά Κύτταρα!

Filed under: NOTES ON EVERYDAY LIFE — admin @ 12:35
spec consumer cosmetic Η λίστα σαμπουάν και καλλυντικών με ουσία που μπλοκάρει τα νευρικά κύτταρα!
inspiring from everydays material is a common practice since…………

spec consumer cosmetic Η λίστα σαμπουάν και καλλυντικών με ουσία που μπλοκάρει τα νευρικά κύτταρα!
Είδη σαμπουάν και καλλυντικών που χρησιμοποιούμε καθημερινά περιέχουν μια ουσία την ΜΙΤ που θεωρείται ύποπτη για τις επιδράσεις που μπορεί να έχει τόσο σε ανθρώπους που έρχονται σε επαφή με αυτήν, όσο και στο νευρικό σύστημα ενός αναπτυσσόμενου εμβρύου και πιθανά επιπτώσεις σε όλους μας, μια και όλοι χρησιμοποιούμε προϊόντα που την περιέχουν.
Πειράματα που έγιναν με εγκεφαλικά κύτταρα ποντικών έδειξαν ότι η επαφή με μια χημική ουσία, η οποία περιέχεται σε πολλά προϊόντα που χρησιμοποιούμε καθημερινά, εμποδίζει την ανάπτυξη των νευρικών κυττάρων.
Πρόκειται για τη χημική ουσία methylisothiazolinone (ΜΙΤ), η οποία ανήκει σε μια ομάδα ουσιών που ονομάζονται βιοκτόνα και χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε κρέμες χειρός, σαμπουάν, βαφές μαλλιών κι άλλα καλλυντικά (για να αποθηκεύονται για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα χωρίς να αναπτύσσονται βακτήρια) ενώ ανάμεσα στα άλλα χρησιμοποιείται σε εργοστάσια παραγωγής χρωμάτων, κόλλας, καθώς και σε βιομηχανικά συστήματα ψύξης νερού για να σκοτώνει τα μικρόβια.
Τα αποτελέσματα της συγκεκριμένης μελέτης παρουσίασε πριν από λίγες μέρες ο καθηγητής Νευροβιολογίας στην Ιατρική Σχολή του Πανεπιστημίου του Πίτσμπουργκ, Elias Aizenman, στο ετήσιο συνέδριο της αμερικανικής εταιρείας Κυτταρικής Βιολογίας που πραγματοποιήθηκε στην Ουάσιγκτον.
Σε προηγούμενα πειράματα είχε βρεθεί ότι η χημική αυτή ουσία μπορεί να προκαλέσει ερεθισμό σε ευαίσθητα άτομα, καψίματα στο δέρμα και δερματίτιδα, όμως ο Aizenman μάς δήλωσε σε τηλεφωνική επικοινωνία που είχαμε μαζί του, ότι δεν μπόρεσε να βρει καμιά πληροφορία σχετικά με τις επιπτώσεις της χημικής αυτής ουσίας στην ανάπτυξη των νευρικών κυττάρων. «Μέχρι στιγμής δεν είχαν γίνει τέτοιου είδους πειράματα με το ΜΙΤ».
Ο Aizenman είχε δημοσιεύσει το 2003 στο περιοδικό Neurosience μιαν άλλη έρευνα, χρησιμοποιώντας τότε στα πειράματά του σχετικά μεγάλες δόσεις ΜΙΤ, οι οποίες και «σκότωσαν τα περισσότερα από τα νευρικά κύτταρα του ποντικού μέσα σε 10 λεπτά».
Η μεγαλύτερη ανησυχία των επιστημόνων έγκειται τις επιδράσεις που μπορεί να έχει το ΜΙΤ σε ανθρώπους που έρχονται σε επαφή καθημερινά με αυτήν την ουσία, όσο και στο νευρικό σύστημα ενός αναπτυσσόμενου εμβρύου, και πιθανά επιπτώσεις σε όλους μας, μια και όλοι χρησιμοποιούμε προϊόντα που περιέχουν ΜΙΤ.
«Η ουσία αυτή απορροφάται εάν τη φάμε, την αναπνεύσουμε ή έρθει σε επαφή με το δέρμα. Θα συμβούλευα λοιπόν μιαν έγκυο να μη δουλεύει σε ένα εργοστάσιο όπου χρησιμοποιείται αυτή η χημική ουσία, επειδή μπορεί να προκύψει κάποια ανωμαλία στην ανάπτυξη του νευρικού συστήματος του εμβρύου».
Ένας κίνδυνος
Ο Aizenman πιστεύει ότι η μελέτη του αποκαλύπτει έναν εν δυνάμει κίνδυνο. Τα σαμπουάν περιέχουν συγκέντρωση ΜΙΤ 100 με 200 φορές περισσότερο από ό,τι χρησιμοποίησε στο πείραμά του. Αλλά παραδέχεται ότι πιθανώς αυτοί που χρησιμοποιούν σαμπουάν ή κοντίσιονερ, για παράδειγμα, μπορεί να μην έχουν επιπτώσεις, όπως αυτοί που εκτίθενται στην ουσία λόγω δουλειάς.
«Δεν γνωρίζουμε εάν η μακρόχρονη έκθεση σε προϊόντα που περιέχουν ΜΙΤ είναι επικίνδυνη. Δεν μπορώ να πω ότι τα προϊόντα που περιέχουν ΜΙΤ είναι ασφαλή, αλλά ούτε ότι δεν είναι. Υπάρχει εξαιρετικά λίγη πληροφόρηση σχετικά με το τι μπορούν να κάνουν αυτές οι ουσίες κι ανησυχώ γιατί δεν έχουν γίνει τα κατάλληλα πειράματα. Απαιτούνται ακόμη και επιδημιολογικές έρευνες, όπου θα πρέπει να μελετηθούν άνθρωποι με αυτισμό κι άλλες νευρολογικές ασθένειες, ώστε να αποκαλυφθεί εάν υπάρχει κάποια σχέση με την έκθεση του εμβρύου στη χημική αυτή ουσία».
Σύμφωνα με το National Institute of Health των ΗΠΑ η ουσία ΜΙΤ περιέχεται σε σαμπουάν, ενδεικτικά όπως ταHead and Shoulders, Suave και Clairol, καθώς επίσης σε κοντίσιονερ μαλλιών Pantene, στις βαφές μαλλιών της Revlon και σε μία πληθώρα άλλων γνωστών και μη προϊόντων.
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Πηγή: http://www.cholinebaby.com/cbblog/2004/05/choline-uptake-may-be-blocked.html 

diller-scofidio-ethics

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 10:29
http://www.dsrny.com/

Workshop on ethics and norms in recent European philosophy
Monday, May 6, 2-5p.m.
Research Unit in European Philosophy
Caulfield Campus: Room A 1.34 (the Clayfield Room).
Faculty of Arts – Monash University
PO BOX 197, Melbourne, VIC 3145 Australia
Dr Sean Bowden (Deakin U):
“Normativity and Expressive Agency in Hegel, Nietzsche and Deleuze”
Associate Professor Daniel W Smith (Purdue U, U.S.A):
“Deleuze, Normativity, and Judgment”
Professor Paul Patton (UNSW):
“After Critique: Genealogy and Normativity in the work of Michel Foucault”

steve reich-ballet-blach and white nederland theater

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 10:25

http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/VFcJ0a3aBJs?version=3&hl=en_US

Filed under: Notes — admin @ 02:46
 Spoken Music
The poets portrayed in the Odyssey – Demodokos and Phemios – are singers. Ghandl’s poems were spoken, not chanted or sung, but they are musical in other important ways –
so much so that I think his work deserves to be compared to European music as much as to European sculpture and painting.
Musicologists like to distinguish between intrinsically musical abstract structures – fugues, sonatas, and so on – and program music, in which the composer has an extramusical plot to represent or an image to convey. The two kinds of structure very often coexist in the same piece – and the abstract structures of music have their counterparts, of course, in painting and in literature too. A painting or a poem can tell a story or represent an image and be rigorously abstract, or in some sense absolutely musical, both at the same time. Ghandl’s poem about the man who married a goose is an example. Consider, for instance, some of the symmetries in the poem.
It begins at a lake – a patch of water surrounded by land – where a young man falls in love with a soft-spoken, beautiful goose. It ends with the same man marooned on a reef – a patch of land
surrounded by water – where the man himself is squawking like a loudmouthed gull. At the center of the story is a pole that links the earth and sky. Either side of the pole is a series of tests and
exchanges, and framing these sequences are the two domestic scenes. The first is in the groom’s father’s house, where a vegetarian bride, who cannot speak directly to her mother-in-law, is
50offered food she cannot eat. The second is in the bride’s father’s house. There the omnivorous groom, who cannot speak directly to his father-in-law, tries to eat the same restricted diet as the
birds. In the groom’s village, the people insult the bride, whose connections with the skyworld have saved them from starvation, and the bride flies off. In the bride’s village, the groom insults the
people, who nevertheless respond with perfect courtesy, offering to fly him back to earth since he cannot fly himself.
There are more of these symmetrical inversions in the story,
but they are linked, like all good symmetries, to structures of
other, more dynamic kinds.
The old man gives the younger man a gift: a tool called skiiskil
tlxhahlgaaw, which is a marlinspike or bradawl used for working
with cedar-limb line. Then he instructs him to get eight things
for himself. The total is nine. At this point, every listener familiar with Haida narrative will know that there is one more gift to
come. In Haida, five and ten – tliihl and tlaahl – are perfect, or
consonant, numbers. Two, four and eight – sting, stansing and
stansingxha – are perfect numbers too, though in a different
mode or key. But nine is not. Nine in Haida is tlaahl sghwaansing
guu, “ten one minus,” or tlaahlinggiisghwaansingghu, “ten-lessone-many.” Nine is a dissonance. It is waiting to be completed. In
this poem, what completes the series is the mouse skin.
These ten items are like musical themes or motifs. They are
undissipated energies. All ten must be resolved in the unfolding
of the story. But Ghandl of the Qayahl Llaanas is an artist, who
likes to make a plot stand up and dance, so there is something
like a fugal structure to this aspect of the poem. The second subject – putting the ten medicine objects to use – begins before the
first, their acquisition, has come to an end.
The ten things are put to use in pairs, so five occasions are required. One of these occasions is the sky pillar itself. The other
four – symmetrically arranged around the pillar – involve extraordinary beings. Between their acquisition and their use, the
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a story as sharp as a knife
ten charged objects, from marlinspike to mouse skin, are melodically and rhythmically recombined.
1
The rhythm and the melody involved have less to do with sound than with the order and the
tempo at which images are called before the mind – but they are called up in the context of a set of expectations and conventions, much like a system of musical modes or keys, which can work by
a mixture of statement and suggestion. Ghandl has to tell us that the salmon roe is used in combination with the mouse skin, but the other gift, the marlinspike, is never directly mentioned a second time. A reference to cedar-limb line and spruce-root cord is enough. That allusion brings the spike to mind.
The first pair of objects – oil and comb – goes to the holy fool:
a talented clairvoyant who cannot find his own lice.
(Elsewhere in the world, the same joke has been told of many wise men, including Herakleitos.) When a louse bites the back of his head, he turns around and looks for it behind him. This seer who is busy accomplishing nothing is followed by a woman who tries to do everything exactly as she is told. She is holding up the country:
Xhaaydla Gwaayaay tldaghawaay, the mountains of the Islands on the Boundary between Worlds. Beyond the pillar to the sky are two more figures – or two and a half. The first is half a man;
the second is a pair of fat old guys who act as one. The pair create the coho out of salmon-colored woodchips, while the halfman downstream spears them and puts them in his creel.
The structure created by these characters alone is a kind of complex narrative crystal, or a piece of conceptual music.
Butother structures are linked to it. On the terrestrial side there are the benefactors: the old man who lives at the edge of the village, and the Mouse Woman, whose large house is hidden in a clump
of ferns. On the celestial side there is a conclave of three carnivorous birds and a bear. Later comes another foursome consisting of three omnivorous birds – loon, grebe and raven – linked to a
man who is evidently also a bird, since his daughters are geese as well as women. In each of these two groups, one bird acts while the other two stand by. And there is one more bird in the last
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205–206;
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39–40:
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181–192
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chapter two: Spoken Music
scene: the gull, who counterbalances the brace of geese with
which the plot began.
Very early in the story, the man takes one of the two goose
skins – his wife’s – and gives her one of his two marten skins in
exchange. After losing his wife, he gets two other skins: a coho
skin and a mouse skin, which is the only skin in the story that
comes with claws. This skin-swapping is linked to that innocent,
even irrelevant-looking transaction between the eagle and the
bear. The story of the bear getting claws from the eagle is a stock
piece of North American folklore, slipped into the poem like an
innocent bit of folksong inserted into a string quartet or sonata.2
But it fulfills here an essential musical function.
The human husband is in heaven, where he cannot stay. He
got there by means of a salmon egg and a mouse skin. Before he
can return to earth, the energy residing in these images has to be
resolved, the way an errant theme in music must be modulated
back to its home key. But this is narrative music; it is not performed on a keyboard; it is played by calling images into the
mind with spoken words. For the story to seem complete, tensions that are built up by that means must be discharged in the
same way. The energy of the mouse skin is resolved, or answered, by the transfer of claws from eagle to bear, and the energy of the salmon egg is answered by the woodchips that transform themselves to salmon.
Between these events comes another resolution or response.
The story began with two geese who came out of the sky and undressed, becoming recognizable as women. Both were caught,
and one was released, by a single man. In the sky, that scene is
answered by another in which the roles are reversed and the
numbers cut in half. The man comes up from earth, dresses as a
salmon, and evades being caught by half a man. These scenes balance one another much as episodes balance one another in sonata
form, and as figures balance one another in pictorial composition. The “unnatural” figure of the clawless bear also mirrors the
“unnaturally” meatless diet of the famine-stricken humans, and
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a story as sharp as a knife
the bear’s unmistakeable politeness in dealing with the eagle balances the rudeness of the unnamed human whose words drove
the Goose Woman back to the sky.
The transfer of the claws is nicely symmetrical with another
event: the transfer of the spearhead from the hunter to the being
with one leg. It is, as we shall see, an old requirement that talons,
claws or fingers should change hands in this story. It seems that
they must also fall to earth – which they do when they are passed
from eagle to bear. The webbed feet and wings that belong to the
geese must also go back to the sky, and a man who masquerades
as a mouse and a coho must return to earth and water.
This structure was built by an artist enraptured by a story
that unfolds behind his eyes. And the story is more than just a
dance of the animal transvestites, a display of imagistic acrobatics, structural pattern or surreal cartoon ballet. It is grounded, let
us remember, in a poignant story of love and loss. It is grounded
in a world where perfection is perceived but imperfection rules,
and where humans and nonhumans sometimes both want more
than they can have.
Superficially, the story turns on the distinction between
xhaayda gataagha, human food, and hlgitghun gataagha, goose
food. The Goose Woman’s arrival in her human husband’s village, and the terms of her remaining there, are stated in a simple
sentence: Xhaayda gataagha waadluxhan gam lla taaghangas:
“She ate no human food at all.” Her departure is provoked by the
inversion of this sentence: Hlgitghun gataagha lla quyaada
ttlxhawgwa aa: “She thinks very highly of goose food.” Both a
famine and a feast intervene between these sentences. The Goose
Woman’s father sends the feast – but does he also send the
famine? Is the famine caused by the Goose Woman remaining
among the humans and in human form? If so, is the famine a test
for the human community to pass, or is it simply an inevitable
symptom of disorder in the world?
When her father sends food to the hungry humans, the Goose
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240 –244
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Woman tells them what is happening. Hakw dii xhaatgha dii gi
dangghattlxhattahlga, she says: “Now my father is sending
[something] down to me.” She speaks this sentence twice, to herald the arrival of two shipments of food. The complex verb she
uses, ghattlxhattahl, means “to move quickly downward.” This
verb will reappear, once only, later in the story – when the raven
delivers the Goose Woman’s husband back to the surface of the
earth. There the verb is differently inflected to form the second
half of a double subordinate clause (a convenient construction in
Haida which I cannot gracefully replicate in English). The prefix
changes too, from dang-(which points to the object of the verb)
to giit-(which points to the subject). The root form, nonetheless,
is unmistakeable:
Ll ghaaxhaghihljihliigaay dluu
lla dangat giitghattlxhattahldalaay dluu
nang qwaagadaaganga qqaayghudyas gha lla lla qqaa’adas.
When he grew very tired
and let himself fall with him,
he dropped him onto a shoal exposed by the tide.
The verbal echoes or thematic repetitions that are clear in the
Haida have been submerged in these line-by-line translations. In
the full translation with which we began, I added a phrase, “down
through the clouds,” to each of the three sentences in which the
verb ghattlxhattahl appears. “Down” and “through” have counterparts within that verb itself, but clouds are nowhere mentioned in the Haida. I put them in, to achieve in English a nouncentered echo equivalent in weight to the verb-centered echo in
the original. This is far from a perfect solution, yet I think something like it is required. The poem’s thematic echoes are not mere
accidents of language or ornamental rhymes.
•••
page 44:
lines
295–297
pages
35–36:
lines
79 & 89It is a tale of transformation, or transposition, as musicians say:
bird transposed to woman; man to bird. In the interim, a mouse
becomes a woman and her burrow a big house; a man becomes a
mouse and then a salmon; joy becomes despair. Dead redcedar
springs to life as fish with cedar-colored flesh, and passion and
devotion die. Even as the headman’s loveliest and youngest
daughter’s husband in a fine house overhead, a hunter’s life becomes routine.
But there are other transformations here, and other continuities, that summaries know nothing whatever about. In the beginning of the poem, when the hunter sees the women in the
water and the goose skins on the shore, Ghandl says, in two superbly simple lines,
Lla qindi qawdihaw
lla dawghattlxhasi.
After watching for a while,
he swooped in.
The verb in the first line is qing, to watch or to see. It can apply to anything with eyes (and that includes, in Haida biology,
the earth, the sea, the forest and the sky, and nearly everything that lives in all these realms.) The verb in the next line is dawghattlxha. It means to swoop in order to catch prey. It calls
to mind one class of creatures only: the small hawks and falcons
that in English are called kestrels, merlins and sharp-shins. In
Haida, these three species have one name: dawghattlxhaayang.
The hunter of the birds, transformed into a gull at the end of the
poem, was himself a bird of prey in the beginning.
After Swanton put this poem in writing, he asked Ghandl if it
had a name. Ghandl called it Ghungghang llanaagha gha nang
xhitiit ttsinhlgwaangxidaghan. This means “In his own father’s
village, someone was just about to go out hunting birds.” The
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a story as sharp as a knife
pages
32 & 33:
lines 13–14verb used here includes a component,-xidi-, that makes it a verb
of anticipation or inception. The young man is getting ready to
go, or thinking of going, out to hunt birds, but he hasn’t yet gone.
In the opening lines of the story itself, Ghandl uses a different
form of the verb: not ttsinhlghwaangxidaghan but rather ttsinhlghwaanggwang, which implies that the hunting has begun. I
wonder if this subtle shift in the verb has something to tell us.
Should we take this story at face value as a tale of what happened,
maybe, once upon a time? Or does Ghandl’s title set it into a different context, as something that hasn’t happened yet but that
could occur tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow: something
like a dream, or a young hunter’s preparatory vision?
•••
It is easy to imagine – and not very difficult, at present, to go to
a few galleries and see – how the elements in Velázquez’s Supper
at Emmaus could be differently combined by other painters.
Rembrandt, for example, painted the same subject ten or twelve
years later, while he was still in his early twenties and living in
Leiden. There is very little chance that he had seen Velázquez’s
painting – a work by another young artist like himself, with as
yet only a local reputation, living 1600 sea miles to the south –
but Rembrandt also knew the story. He assembled the same figures on his canvas, while turning the arrangement inside out.
The result (never trimmed or overpainted) now hangs in the
Musée Jacquemart-André in Paris.
Rembrandt’s serving maid occupies the spot Velázquez gave
to the disciples. She is far off in the background to the left, perhaps suspecting nothing. Both she and Christ, who looms up
large and ghostlike on the right, are potent silhouettes. In the
foreground, also faceless, is a nearly invisible figure: a pilgrim
crouching down in sudden recognition. But at the center of it all,
as in a mirror, there is a face. It is drawing back, twisted with astonishment. It belongs to the other pilgrim – and to us.
57
chapter two: Spoken MusicGhandl’s poem, like Rembrandt’s painting, or Velázquez’s,
takes the form it does because that is the form its author gave it.
It has the human poignancy it does because that poignancy is
something its author had learned to perceive and communicate.
The images and themes of which it is made are largely materials
he inherited – and along with these components, he inherited a
narrative and visionary grammar for putting them together. He
could however have built them into a vastly different structure –
a more sentimental structure, for example, or a colder one, with
a lower emotional charge – just as any fluent speaker of a language can assemble a cluster of words into sentences with very
different values.
Pokhodsk is farther from Hlghagilda than Leiden from Seville. It is an overgrown mission station, trading post and neolithic
village near the mouth of the Kolyma, which empties into the
East Siberian Sea, 3000 rough and windy miles north and west of
Haida Gwaii. There in the summer of 1896 a Yukaghir woman
told several stories to a listener willing, like Swanton, to take dictation. I do not know her Yukaghir name, but a royalist Russian
missionary had given her another: Ekaterina Rumyantsev. Her
listener was a Russian political activist, anthropologist and novelist named Vladimir Germanovich Bogoraz.3
Ekaterina Rumyantsev had not only a Russian name; she had
considerable exposure to Russian colonial culture. She therefore
told her stories to Bogoraz in the Russian language. And some of
Bogoraz’s research in Siberia was funded, like Swanton’s work in
Haida Gwaii, through the American Museum of Natural History
in New York, at the instance of Franz Boas. The stories Rumyantsev had learned in Yukaghir and told to Bogoraz in Russian
were, for this reason, ultimately published not in Leningrad or
Moscow but in New York, in Bogoraz’s English translation.
In the absence of an actual transcription, there is no hope of
appraising Rumyantsev’s skill or stature as a mythteller, and no
hope of studying her work and Ghandl’s together on equitable
58
a story as sharp as a knifeterms. But one of her stories has something important to tell us,
even when reduced to English prose. Side by side with Ghandl’s
poem, it shows how the same events and characters can be assembled very differently by different human beings, just as the
same figures can be grouped very differently in different painters’ paintings and in different people’s dreams. This is Rumyantsev’s story as rendered by Bogoraz:4
T
here was a family of Tungus. They lived in a tent. They had
three daughters. The girls, when going to pick berries, would
turn into female geese. In this form they visited the sea islands.
One time they flew farther than usual. On a lonely island they saw
a one-sided man. When he breathed, his heart and lungs would
jump out of his side. The Geese were afraid and flew home.
After some time, they had nothing to eat, so they went again to
the sea islands for berries. Wherever they chose a spot on which to
alight, One-Side appeared and frightened them away. At last they
found a place full of berries. They descended and laid aside their
wings. They picked so many berries that they could hardly carry
them all. They went back to the place where they had left their
wings. The wings of the youngest daughter were gone. They looked
for them a long time. At last, evening came and the sun went down.
It grew very dark. The two elder sisters reproached the youngest
one: “Probably you have taken a liking to One-Side, and you have
asked him to hide your wings. Now remain here alone and let him
take you!”
She almost cried while assuring them that their suspicions were
unjust.“I have never seen him and never thought of him.”They left
her and flew away. She remained alone.
As soon as they were out of sight, One-Side appeared carrying
her wings. “Well, now,” he said. “Fair maiden, will you not consent
to marry me?” She refused for a long time. Then she gave in and
said, “I will!”
“If you are willing,” said One-Side,“I will lead the way.” He took
59
chapter two: Spoken Musicher to his house. It was the usual house, made of wood, with a
wooden Šreplace. He proved to be a good hunter, able to catch any
kind of game. Still he had only one side, and with every breath his
heart would jump out. They lived together for a while, and the
woman brought forth a son. The young woman nursed the infant.
But One-Side did not want to stay at home. He would wander about
all the time and bring back reindeer and elk.They had so much meat
that the storehouses would no longer hold it. He was a great hunter.
He hunted on foot on snowshoes, for he had neither reindeer nor
horses for traveling.
One time he set off to hunt as usual. Then his wife’s sisters suddenly came and carried the youngest sister and her little son off to
their own country. The small boy, while carried on high, shouted,
“O father! O my father! We are being carried by aunties to their
home, to their home.”
One-Side ran home as fast as he could, but he came too late.
They were out of sight. Only the boy’s voice was heard far away.
Then he shot an arrow with a forked head in the direction whence
the voices seemed to come, and the arrow cut off one of the boy’s
little Šngers. One-Side found the arrow and the Šnger and put them
into his pouch.
Then he started in search of his boy. He walked and walked. A
whole year passed. Then he arrived at a village. A number of children were playing sticks. He looked from one to another, thinking
of his boy. There was one poor boy who was dressed in the poorest
of clothing. His body was mangy, and his head was bruised and covered with scars. First, One-Side paid no attention to him, but when
he Šnally looked at this boy, he saw that the little Šnger on his left
hand was missing. He snatched the Šnger out of his pouch and
placed it beside the hand, and indeed it Št! The poor boy was his
son! “Whose boy are you?” asked One-Side.
“I am mamma’s boy.”
“And where is your father?”
“I have no father. I used to have one, but now I have none.”
60
a story as sharp as a knife“I am your father.”
The boy refused to believe it and only cried bitterly. “If my father were alive, we should not be so wretched, mother and I.”
The elder sisters had married and made their youngest sister a
drudge in the house.
“Why is your head so bruised and scarred?” asked One-Side.
“It is because my aunts order me to enter the house only by the
back entrance, and every time I try to go in by the front entrance,
they strike my head with their heavy staffs.”
“Let us go to your house.”
They arrived at the house. The boy went ahead and One-Side
followed him. They came to the front entrance. As soon as the boy
tried to go in, his eldest aunt jumped up and struck him with her
iron staff. Then the woman saw the boy’s father and felt so much
ashamed that she fell down before him.
He entered the house. They hustled about, brought food of
every kind, and prepared tea. They ate so long that it grew very late
and it was time to go to bed. On the following morning after breakfast, he said to his brothers-in-law, “Let us go and try which of us
can shoot the best with the bow! You are two and I am only one.”
They made ready their bows and arrows and began to shoot at
each other. The elder brother-in-law shot Šrst, but One-Side
jumped upward, and the arrow missed him. The second brother-inlaw also shot. One-Side jumped aside and dodged the arrow.
“Now I shall shoot,” said One-Side, “and you try to dodge my
arrows.” He shot once and hit his elder brother-in-law straight
through the heart. With the second shot he killed his other brotherin-law. Then he went back to the house, killed his wife’s sisters and
took home his wife and son.
One time he set off as usual to look for game. When he was out
of sight of his wife, he took off the skin that disguised his true form
and hung it up in the top of a high larch tree. He became a young
man, quite fair and handsome, just like the sunrise. He went home
and sat down on his wife’s bed. While he was sitting there, he was
61
chapter two: Spoken Musicabout to take off his boots. The woman began to argue. “Go away
from here! My husband will be here soon, and he will be angry with
me. He will say,‘Why have you let a strange man sit on your bed?’”
“I am your husband,” said he. “Why do you try to drive me
away?”
“No,” said the woman. “My husband is one-sided, and you are
like other men.”
They argued for a long time.At last he said,“Go and look at that
tree yonder. I hung up my one-sided skin on it.” She found the tree
and the one-sided skin, and now she believed him. Then she caught
him in her arms and covered him with kisses. After that they lived
happier than ever.
•••
Ghandl’s poem about the hunter who married his prey has been
spared the indignities visited on many works of indigenous oral
literature. It was transcribed in the language in which it was spoken, and it has quietly been travelling the world since 1905 in
Swanton’s admirably faithful prose translation. In that form it is
also the subject of a sensitive, close study by the poet Gary
Snyder.5
It is nonetheless a literary work that we have only just
begun to understand.
I have been calling it a poem and a piece of spoken music. That
is because I hear in it resonant textures and densities, and vividness and shapeliness and clarity that, for me, define the terms I
want to use. I cannot tell what terms to use for Rumyantsev’s
story, because Bogoraz’s translated paraphrase is all that now
remains.
Some things, nonetheless, can be known about the story on
the basis of the paraphrase alone, just as some things can be
known about a painting on the basis of a poorer painter’s copy or
a second-hand account.
The paraphrase can tell us, first of all, that the list of narrative
ingredients is very much the same – almost uncannily the same
62
a story as sharp as a knife– in Rumyantsev’s story and in Ghandl’s. The ingredients are
very much the same, but they are differently assembled by two
very different cooks, one of whom has learned the European
fairytale custom of serving happy endings for dessert. “The same
story” has become two wholly different meals for the mind. That
much is clear, though in the one case we can still attend the feast
– because we have the actual text – and in the other we can only
read the menu and collect the empty plates. There is no supper at
Pokhodsk because no one took dictation – just as, in the legacy of
Velázquez, there was once no supper at Emmaus because vandals, in whose hands the treasure rested, chose to have the
painter’s vision blotted out.
Digesting the sense of the world – of which we are made, and
to which we return – is just as essential to life as digesting its
physical substance. The mythteller’s art is as old, universal and
vital as that of the cook. The congruences between these tales told
by Ghandl and Rumyantsev are reminders of that fact. Drawing
on this old, shared recipe – as dormant in its way as Luke’s abbreviated version of the supper at Emmaus – and adding some
signiŠcant resources of his own, Ghandl could construct a work
of art that can stand beside the paintings of Rembrandt and
Velázquez or, I think, beside the sonatas of Haydn and Mozart. It
is a work of music built from silent images, sounding down the
years. It is a vision painted indelibly in the air with words that
disappear the moment they are spoken.
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chapter two: Spoken Music
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